![]() ![]() In 1913, California passed one of several “alien land laws” to prevent Japanese Americans from owning land. ![]() Around the same time, Hawaii, Guam, American Samoa, and the Philippines were all forcibly annexed to the United States. According to scholars, an estimated 300 Chinese settlements were displaced in the late 19 th century by white mob violence. In the meantime, AANHPI families often found themselves victims of both official and unofficial discrimination. By the 1920s, restrictive immigration laws effectively banned all Asian immigration to the United States. Two decades later - soon after the Transcontinental Railroad was completed through the hard work of thousands of Chinese laborers (hundreds of whom gave their lives) - the federal government banned Chinese immigration to America altogether with the 1875 Page Act and 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act – the first laws to restrict immigration by ethnicity. ![]()
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